Chapter - 01

Lesson of Life

Introduction

Class 9 and 10: Biology

Towfiq Sultan, Teacher - Bhawal Islamic Cadet Academy, Kapasia, Gazipur.

[SSC 2025 Last Minute Preparation: Chapter-wise Question Answers]

Our world is not the same everywhere. Somewhere it has vast plains, somewhere it has high hills, and somewhere it has a huge desert of hot sand. There are plants almost everywhere in this diverse environment of the world. It is estimated that at present the number of plant species in the world is about five lakhs. One of these five lakh species of plants is different from the other. In order to easily know all these numerous and diverse plants, a well-thought-out and well-organized system is needed. And this system is known as the classification of plants. The famous scientist Carolus Linnaeus collected many plants and animals and formulated their classification and binomial naming system.

Introduction to the scientist concerned with the chapter

1. Aristotle

Aristotle is called the father of biology. He was the first to prove that different organisms in the living world and one class of organisms are more advanced than another class of organisms. Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers of all time and the first true scientist in history. He made pioneering contributions to all fields of philosophy and science, he discovered the field of formal logic, and he identified various scientific disciplines and explored their relationship with each other.

2. Carolus Linnaeus

The Swedish Carolus Linnaeus was the first to classify the living world into plants and animals. In this sense, he was the first proponent of organizing the living world. Linnaeus eliminated the anarchy of naming plant and animal species and introduced binomial nomenclature. Before his introduction of nomenclature, the scientific names of various species were very long.

The famous Swedish physician and biologist Carolus Linnaeus laid the foundation for modern binomial nomenclature. He is called the father of modern taxonomy. He is one of the fathers of modern ecology.

3. Robert Harding Whitaker

Whitaker was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1974, received the Distinguished Environmentalist Award of the Ecological Society of America in 1981, and was widely recognized and honored elsewhere. He was a collaborator with many ecologists, including George Woodwell (Dartmouth), W.A. Nearing, F.H. Borman (Yale), and G.E. Likens (Cornell), and was particularly active in fostering international collaboration.

Robert Harding Whitaker (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was an American plant ecologist, active from 1950 to 1970. He was the first to propose a five-state classification of plants in 1969; These are Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera. He also proposed Whitaker's biome classification, which classified biome types based on two biological factors: temperature and precipitation.

Whitaker did a taxonomic analysis of plants. He divided the living world into five kingdoms based on the data of the cell's DNA, characteristics, etc.

Creative Biology

Class IX-X

Chapter - 01

Lesson of Life

Tawfiq Sultan, Teacher - Bhawal Islamic Cadet Academy, Kapasia, Gazipur.

Question 1. Israt was sitting by the pond watching the fish playing in the water. The pond she was sitting by was a lotus pond. There was a frog's umbrella on the pond. Since she was a student of the science department, she was curious about this environment. She thought how diverse nature is and that is why organisms are in different positions in the classification.

______

A. What is the name of the genus of the lotus flower?

B. Why is biotechnology called an applied branch of biology?

C. Discuss the kingdom characteristics of the autophagous organism seen by Israt.

D. Analyze the reason why the organism in the stimulus is in three different positions.

☞ Answer to question 1

A) The name of the genus of the lotus flower is: Nymphea.

B) The reason why biotechnology is called an applied branch of biology is - Biotechnology is the science related to the technology of using organisms for the benefit of humans and the environment. Where new plants or animals with new characteristics suitable for the benefit of humanity are produced by using plants, animals or their parts. And these life-related practical subjects are included in applied biology. Therefore, biotechnology is called an applied branch of biology.

C) The kingdom of the autophagous organism seen by Israt is Plantae. The characteristics of this kingdom are discussed below:

1. These are photosynthetic plants with true nuclei.

2. They have a well-developed tissue system.

3. They develop embryos and then begin the diploid stage.

4. They are mainly terrestrial, but there are numerous aquatic species.

5. Their sexual reproduction is anisogamous.

6. They are archegoniums and flowering plants.

Summary: The kingdom of the autotrophic organism seen by Israt is Plantae. They are photosynthetic plants with true nuclei.

Question 2. On Ilma's birthday, everyone including her parents went to a Chinese restaurant. There they ate shrimp fries, mushroom soup and tomato salad.

A. What is the scientific name of onion?

B. Why is yeast included in the kingdom Fungi?

C. Explain the characteristics of the autophagic organism that Ilma ate.

D. ​​Why are these three organisms at different positions in the hierarchy - analyze.

☞Answer to question 2

A) The scientific name of onion is Allium cepa.

B) The nucleus of yeast is well-structured. The cell wall is made up of chitin. Food intake occurs by absorption, chloroplasts are absent, reproduction occurs by haploid spores, they are necrotic.

Due to the above characteristics, yeast has been included in the kingdom Fungi.

C) In Uddip, Ilma ate tomato salad as an autophagic organism.

Here, the tomato plant belongs to the kingdom. Its characteristics are as follows-

Tomato is a photosynthetic plant with a true nucleus. It has a developed tissue system. Its embryo is formed and the diploid stage begins from it. Mainly terrestrial, the sexual reproduction of tomatoes is anisogamous (sexual reproduction is carried out by the union of heterogamous gametes with different shapes or physiological differences is called anisogamous). They are archegonium (a plant with archegonium or female reproductive organs is called an archegonium plant) and flowering plants.

Main story: Ilma ate tomato salad as a carnivorous organism. Tomato is a photosynthetic plant with a true nucleus. It has a developed tissue system.

d) Three organisms are shrimp, mushroom and tomato. Due to their characteristics, organisms are at different positions in the three classification levels. Their characteristics are mentioned below-

Shrimp: Arthropoda animals. They have jointed legs and a pair of cilia on their head. They are multicellular animals with a nucleus. Their cells do not have an inert cell wall, plastids and cell cavities. Since they do not have plastids, they are heterotrophic, that is, parasitoids and they ingest and digest food. There is a complex tissue system in the body. They reproduce mainly through sexual reproduction.

Mushrooms: They are dead organisms, the nucleus is well-formed, the cell wall is made of chitin. Food intake occurs by absorption. Chloroplasts are absent. Reproduction occurs through haploid spores.

Tomato: They are photosynthetic plants with a true nucleus. They have a developed tissue system. Their embryo is formed and the diploid stage begins from it. Their sexual reproduction is anisogamous. They are archegonium and flowering plants.

Due to the above characteristics, they are at different positions in the classification.

Summary: Shrimp, mushroom and tomato are at different positions in the classification due to their characteristics.

Question 3. Both amoeba and human are animals. The scientific names of both animals are recognized by ICZN.

a. Write the full name of ICZN.

b. Write the objectives of classification.

c. Explain the principles followed by mentioning the scientific name of human.

d. Analyze whether amoeba and human belong to the same super kingdom but belong to different kingdoms.

☞ Answer to question 3

a) The full name of ICZN is International Code of Zoological. Nomenclature.

b) The main objective of classification is to gain knowledge about the groups and sub-groups of each organism. The diversity of the biological world. By focusing on each, the knowledge gained should be properly preserved, the complete knowledge should be presented briefly, and each organism should be identified and named. Above all, measures can be taken to preserve or increase the number of species by identifying the organisms necessary for the welfare of the living world and humans.

c) The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens. The principles accepted by the ICZN have been followed in the scientific nomenclature of humans. Those principles are explained below-

1. The name of the species should be binomial. The first term is the genus name and the second term is the species name.

2. The language of the name should be Latin.

3. The first letter of the genus name should be uppercase, all letters of the species name should be lowercase.

4. Each scientific name should be unique.

5. Binomial names should be printed in italics (slightly curved to the right). If written by hand, English letters should be used and the two parts (one genus, the other species) should be underlined separately.

6. The name of the namer (usually abbreviated) should be written at the end of the scientific name.

7. If several scientists give different scientific names to the same plant, then according to the Law of Priority, the name given by the first scientist will be accepted.

That is, the above-mentioned principles have been followed in the scientific naming of humans.

Original story: The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens. The principles accepted by ICZN have been followed in the scientific naming of humans.

d) Amoeba and humans mentioned in the introduction belong to the same super kingdom but belong to different kingdoms. It is analyzed below-

Amoeba is a unicellular or multicellular, single or colonial or filamentous and has a well-formed nucleus. The cell contains chromatin fibers surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Chromatin fibers contain DNA, RNA and proteins. Asexual reproduction occurs through mitosis cell division and sexual reproduction occurs through conjugation. No embryo is formed. These features are found in the Protista kingdom. That is, amoeba belongs to the Protista kingdom.

On the other hand, humans are unicellular and multicellular animals. Their cells do not have any inert cell wall, plastids and cell cavities. They are parasitic and digest food. They reproduce mainly through sexual reproduction. They produce haploid gametes from the reproductive organs of mature diploid male and female animals. During embryonic development, the embryonic layer is formed. These features are found in the Animalia kingdom. That is, humans belong to the Animalia kingdom.

Again, both the Protista kingdom and the Animalia kingdom belong to the super kingdom Eukaryota.

Therefore, in the light of the above analysis, it can be said that although amoeba and humans belong to the same super kingdom, they belong to different kingdoms.

The main point is: Amoeba belongs to the Protista kingdom. Humans belong to the Animalia kingdom. Again, both the Protista kingdom and the Animalia kingdom belong to the super kingdom Eukaryota.

Chapter - 01

Lesson of Life

(Important cognitive questions and answers)

Question 1. What is the reproduction of organisms in the Fungi kingdom?

Answer: They reproduce by haploid spores and cell division occurs through meiosis.

Question 2. What is the name?

Answer: The creation, explanation and application of the principles for giving a scientific name to a plant (or animal) is called nomenclature.

Question 3. What is physiology?

Answer: Physiology is the branch of biology that discusses the biochemical functions of various organs of the living body and the details of all the physiological functions of the organism.

Question 4. What aspects of organisms are discussed in taxonomy?

Answer: Taxonomy discusses the classification and habits of organisms.

Question 5. What is morphology?

Answer: The branch of biology that discusses the external and internal structure of organisms is called morphology.

Question 6. What is the highest unit of the biological world?

Answer: The highest unit of the biological world is the kingdom.

Question 7. What is the science of biological statistics?

Answer: The science of biological statistics is called biostatistics.

Question 8. Which branch of science does pharmaceutical industry and technology belong to?

Answer: Pharmaceutical industry and technology belong to the branch of pharmacy.

Question 9. What is the science that discusses the parasitism of organisms called?

Answer: The science that discusses the parasitism of organisms is called parasitology.

Question 10. In which year did RH Whitaker propose the Five Kingdoms?

Answer: RH Whittaker proposed dividing the biological world into five widely accepted kingdoms or kingdoms in 1969.

Question 11. What is evolution?

Answer: The branch of science that discusses the development of life on earth, the evolution of organisms, and the evolutionary history of life is called evolution.

Question 12. What is evolution?

Answer: The branch of science that discusses the development of life on earth, the evolution of organisms, and the evolutionary history of life is called evolution.

Question 13. In which branch of applied biology is fish production discussed?

Answer: The fisheries branch of applied biology discusses fish production.

Question 14. What is a plant?

Answer: Organisms that are unable to consume solid food and have inert cell walls are called plants.

Question 15. What is a taxon?

Answer: Any unit of classification is called a taxon. For example, class, genus, species are each a taxon.

Question 16. What is genetics?

Answer: The branch of biology that discusses the inheritance of genes and organisms is called genetics.

Question 17. What is the subject of physical biology?

Answer: The theoretical subjects of biology are the subjects of physical biology.

Question 18. What is ecology?

Answer: Ecology is the science of the interrelationship of organisms with their natural environment.

Question 19. What is discussed in cytology?

Answer: Cytology discusses the structure, functions and division of living cells.

Question 20. What is the feeding method of organisms in the Fungi kingdom?

Answer: Chloroplasts are absent in the bodies of organisms in the Fungi kingdom, they feed by absorption.

Question 21. What is a genus?

Answer: A genus is formed by a combination of one or more closely related species. The first letter of the genus name is always written in English capital letters and acts as a noun. For example, banyan tree and fig tree belong to the same genus Ficus.

Chapter - 01

Lesson of Life

(Important comprehension questions and answers)

Question 1. Why is Gregor Johann Mendel called the father of genetics? Answer: Gregor Johann Mendel was a priest. He studied pea plants in his church garden for a long time. From this research, he published two laws of genetics. Both formulas are still universally accepted as correct. Because of this special contribution, Mendel is called the father of genetics.

Question 2. Why is Linnaeus called the father of modern taxonomic botany? Answer: The modern era began with the active life of Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) of Uppsala University, Sweden. He wrote many books. Among them, the book Species Plantarum (1753) marks an important chapter in botany because through its publication he introduced the binomial nomenclature system.

For this reason, he is called the father of modern taxonomic botany.

Question 3. Write the characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom. Answer: The characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom are as follows-

a. Unicellular or multicellular organisms. However, most of them are multicellular terrestrial.

b. They act as carnivores or parasites, most of them

c. Their cell wall is made of phytin and stored food is glycogen.

d. They take food by absorption.

e. The body is usually branched, filaments are synocytic.

Question 4. Write the names of the five kingdoms of the Five Kingdoms proposal.

Answer: Whittaker proposed the Five Kingdoms proposal in 1969.

The five kingdoms are-

1. Monera,

2. Protista,

3. Fungi,

4. Plantae and

5. Animalia.

Towfiq Sultan, Assistant Headmaster - Bhawal Islamic Cadet Academy, Kapasia, Gazipur, ​​Director General - Welfare Love of Welfare. and Former Teacher - Ghagtia Chala Model High School.

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